Dynamic DNS in Linux Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dynamic DNS in Linux - Article Example The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allowed enterprises and Internet service providers (ISPs) to assign addresses to computers on the fly as they powered up. The Domain Name System brought a method of distributing the address information automatically online through recursive queries to remote databases configured for each domain. In addition, this helped conserve the address space available, since not all devices might be actively used at all times and addresses could be assigned as needed. This feature required that DNS servers be kept current automatically as well. The first implementations of dynamic DNS fulfilled this purpose. The excessive use of the Internet by all even in people's homes brought a growing shortage of available IP addresses. DHCP became an important tool for ISPs to manage their address spaces for connecting home and small-business end-users with a single IP address each by connecting them through a Network Address Translation (NAT) router. Behind these routers (in the private network) it was possible to reuse address space set aside for these purposes . This, however, broke the end-to-end principle of Internet methods were required to allow private networks, masqueraded by frequently changing IP addresses, to discover their routable 'outside' address and insert it into the domain name system in order to participate in Internet communications more fully. Today, numerous providers, called Dynamic DNS service providers, offer such technology and services on the Internet. They provide a software client program that automates this function. The client program is executed on a computer in the private network. It connects to the service provider's systems and causes those systems to link the discovered public IP address of the home network with a hostname in the domain name system. Depending on the provider, the hostname is registered within a domain owned by the provider or the customer's own domain name. These services can function by a number of mechanisms. Often they use an HTTP service request since even restrictive environments usually allow HTTP service. This group of services is commonly also referred to by the term Dynamic DNS, although it is not the standards-based DNS Update method. However, the latter might be involved in the providers systems. Most home networking routers today have this feature already built into their firmwa re. One of the early routers to support Dynamic DNS was the UMAX UGate-3000 in 1999, which supported the TZO.COM dynamic DNS service. Dynamic DNS Preparation Unlike DSL, most cable modem providers may not allow you to host sites at home by blocking inbound HTTP (TCP port 80) and SMTP mail (TCP port 25) while allowing most other TCP traffic through. Many DDNS providers are aware of this and provide a redirect service to bypass the problem. Under the system, Web queries first hit their servers on the regular TCP ports and then these servers automatically redirect the Web clients to use the IP address of your server on a different TCP port. Registering DDNS Once you have decided to go ahead with DDNS you'll need to choose between the broad categories of Dynamic DNS service. Free Dynamic DNS: Your website name will be a sub domain of the DDNS provider's domain. For example if the DDNS provide

Comparison Buying a Home vs. Renting an Apartment Research Paper

Comparison Buying a Home vs. Renting an Apartment - Research Paper Example Renting is an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary use of a good or property owned by another person or company (Answers, 2009). Renting agreement are very popular in the United States because they are a cheaper way to obtain a home or apartment. A person that rents does not have to pay any property taxes since they are not the owners of the home. Lease agreements for apartments or homes typically are signed for a time span of one year. A person that rents an apartment benefits in others such as having great flexibility. If a person does not like the place, they can move out into another rented apartment after the term of the lease expires. Another advantage of renting is that a person does not have to have good credit in order to qualify for the lease. Credit scores and standing are rarely a part of the renting agreement process. We are living in some tough economic times. The unemployment rate in the United States has reached a whopping 9.5% (Bls, 2009). When people lose their jobs sometimes it is hard to pay a mortgage. A person that leases can maneuver better during hard economic times. A person that leases has the option of leaving the place and moving in with relatives until they get back on their feet. A rental agreement is short term commitment, thus it gives a person more flexibility as far as being able to relocate easier. Despite the many advantages of leasing, there are also major cons associated with renting. A person that pays rent is always giving money to someone else without the benefit of getting any financial rewards in return. When a person rents they are basically paying another bill, thus renting could be categorized as a type of expense. Buying a home is a completely different proposition. Â  

Functions of Organizational Communication

Functions of Organizational Communication INTRODUCTION Organizational Communication can be defined as a process through which organizations are created and in turn create and shape events. The process can be understood as a combination of process, people, message, meaning and purpose. Functions of Organizational Communication: It is the means by which a manager ensures co-operation of subordinates. It is the exchange of meanings among members of an organization. It is the glue which binds the elements of an organization together. It builds the very structure of an organization i.e. who communicates with whom about what. Can misunderstanding of a few words literally mean the difference between life and death? They can in airlines business. A number of aviation disasters have been largely attributed to problems in communication. There are other fields also in which there are examples to illustrate how miscommunication can have deadly consequences. Good communication is essential to any groups or organizations effectiveness. Research indicates that poor communication is probably the most frequently cited source of interpersonal conflict. Because individuals spend nearly 70 percent of their working hours communicating-writing, reading, speaking, listening-it seems reasonable to conclude that one of the most inhibiting forces to successful group performance is a lack of effective communication. No group can exist without communication: the transference of meaning among its members. It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that information and ideas can be conveyed. Communication, however, is more than merely imparting meaning. It must also be understood. In a group in which one member speaks only German and the others do not know German, the individual speaking German will not be fully understood. Therefore, communication must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning. An idea, no matter how great, is useless until it is transmitted and understood by others. Perfect communication, if there were such a thing, would exist when a thought or an idea was transmitted so that the mental picture perceived by the receiver was exactly the same as that envisioned by the sender. Although elementary in theory, perfect communication is never achieved in practice, due to unavoidable reasons. 2.1 What is Communication? The term communication has been derived from the Latin word communis which means common. It was Aristotle who, for the first time, brought about a systematic study of the communication process. According to him, there are three essential elements in a communication system, namely, the speaker, the speech, and the audience. Communication strictly stands for sharing of ideas in common. The word communication, however, has many and varied meanings. Popularly speaking, it refers to the various means of transmitting information from individual to individual, individual to a group of individuals or from one place to another. It is a transmission of messages, ideas, methods, skills, and thoughts between two or more persons. It is a mutual exchange of facts, thoughts, opinions or emotions by the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures, graphs and so on. Communication is the chain of understanding which permeates an organization from top to bottom, from bottom to top, and from side to side, and which moves the organization ahead towards its stated objectives. It is the cohesive force which holds the group together. Vardaman and Halterman opine: Communication is the flow of material, information, perception and understanding between various parts and members of an organization. In the words of Allen, Communication is the transfer of meaning from one person to another. Mitchell goes a step further and observes, Communication involves more than just having the right information — the information should be believed, weighed correctly, reach the right decision-makers and result in the appropriate action. Rogers and Rogers have reiterated this point of view. They opine Communication is a process by which an idea is transferred from a source to the receiver with the intention of changing behaviour.. ..Communication is made with the intention of achieving results/change in knowledge, attitude and overt behaviour. Communication is a process in which senders and receivers of messages interact in a given social context. Interpersonal communication refers to the exchange of information and transmission of meaning between two people. Organizational communication is the subject that deals with the exchange of information and transmission of meaning throughout the organizational hierarchy. Since the leader or the manager accomplishes organizational objectives through people, it is essential to communicate what the leader or the manager wants people to accomplish, how to accomplish, where to accomplish and more important, why to accomplish. To communicate the organizational philosophy, objectives, procedures, and practices to all employees is not easy, because communication is a very complex phenomenon. In communication, the people must understand what they are trying to communicate; they must be willing and able to understand them; they must accept their communication or message or information or goals. Thus, all social phenomena are a function of communication. 2.2 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION: Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization: Control, motivation, emotional expression and information. Communication acts to control member behaviour in several ways. Organizations have authority hierarchies and formal guidelines that employees are required to follow. When employees, for instance are required to first communicate any job related grievance to their immediate boss, to follow their job description, or to comply with company policies, communication is performing a control function. But informal communication also controls behaviour. When work groups tease or harass a member who produces too much (and makes the rest of the group look bad), they are informally communicating with, and controlling, the members behaviour Communication fosters motivation by clarifying to employees what is to be done, how well they are doing, and what can be done to improve performance if its supbar. The formation of specific goals, feedback on progress toward the goals, and reinforcement of desired behaviour all stimulate motivation and require communication. For many employees, their work group is a primary source for social interaction. The communication that takes place within the group is a fundamental mechanism by which members show their frustrations and feelings of satisfaction. Communication, therefore, provides a release for the emotional expression of feelings and for fulfillment of social needs. The final function that communication performs relates to its role in facilitating decision making. It provides the information that individuals and groups need to make decisions by transmitting the data to identify and evaluate alternative choices. No one of these functions should be seen as being more important than the others. For groups to perform effectively, they need to maintain some form of control over members, stimulate members to perform, provide a means for emotional expression, and make decision choices. Almost every communication interaction that takes place in a group or organization performs one or more of these four functions. 2.3 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS: Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as a message to be conveyed, is needed. It passes between a source (sender) and a receiver. The message is encoded (converted to a symbolic form) and passed by way of some medium (channel) to the receiver, who retranslates (decodes) the message initiated by the sender. The result is a transference of meaning from one person to another. The exhibit above depicts this communication process. This model is made up of seven parts: (1) the communication source, (2) encoding, (3) the message, (4) the channel, (5) decoding, (6) the receiver, and (7) feedback. The source initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical product from the source encoding. When we speak, the speech is the message. When we write, the writing is the message. When we gesture, the movements of our arms and the expression on our face are the message. The channel is the medium through which the message travels. It is selected by the source, who must determine whether to use a formal or informal channel. Formal channels are established by the organization and transmit message that are related to the professional activities of the members. They traditionally follow the authority chain within the organization. Other forms of messages, such as personal or social, follow the informal channels in the organization. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. But before the message can be received, the symbols in it must be translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver. This step is the decoding of the message. The final link in the communication process is a feedback loop. Feedback is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our messages as originally intended. It determines whether understanding has achieved. 2.4 DIRECTION OF COMMUNICATION: Communication can flow vertically and laterally. The vertical dimension can be further divided into downward and upward directions. Downward Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is a downward communication. When we think of managers communicating with employees, the downward pattern is the one we are usually thinking of. Its used by group leaders and managers to assign goals, provide job instructions, inform employees of policies and procedures, point out problems that need attention, and offer feedback about performance. But downward communication doesnt have to be oral or face-to-face contact. When management sends letters to the employees homes to advise them of the organizations new sick leave policy, it is using downward communication. So is an e-mail from a team leader to the members of her team, reminding them of an upcoming deadline. Upward Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group or organization. Its used to provide feedback to higher-ups, inform them of progress toward goals, and relay current problems. Upward communication keeps managers aware of how employees feel about their jobs, co-workers, and the organization in general. Managers also rely on upward communication for ideas on how things can be improved. Some organizational examples of upward communication are performance reports prepared by lower management for review by middle and top management, suggestion boxes, employee attitude surveys, grievance procedures, superior-subordinate discussions, and informal gripe sessions in which employees have the opportunity to identify and discuss problems with their boss or representatives of higher management. For example, FedEx prides itself on its computerized upward communication program. All its employees annually complete climate surveys and reviews of management. This program was cited as a key human resources strength by the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award examiners when FedEx won the honor. Lateral When communication takes place among members of the same work group, among members of work groups at the same level, among managers at the same level, or among any horizontally equivalent personnel, we describe it as lateral communications. Why would there be a need for horizontal communications if a group or organizations vertical communications are effective? The answer is that horizontal communications are often necessary to save time and facilitate co-ordination. In some cases, these lateral relationships are formally sanctioned. More often, they are informally created to short-circuit the vertical hierarchy and expedite action. So lateral communications can, from managements viewpoint, be good or bad. Since strict adherence to the formal vertical structure for all communications can impede the efficient and accurate transfer of information, lateral communications can be beneficial. In such cases, they occur with the knowledge and support of superiors. But they can create dysfunctional conflicts when the formal vertical channels are breached, when members go above or around their superiors to get things done, or when bosses find out that actions have been taken or decisions made without their knowledge. Diagonal Communication This occurs when communication occurs between workers in a different section of the organisation and where one of the workers involved is on a higher level in the organisation. For example in a bank diagonal communication will occur when a department manager in head office converses with a cashier in a branch of the bank based on the high street. 2.5 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: How do group members transfer meaning between and among each other? There are three basic methods. People basically rely on oral, written and non-verbal communication. Oral Communication The chief means of conveying messages is oral communication. Speeches, formal one-on-one and group discussions, and the informal mill or grapevine are popular forms of oral communication. The advantages of oral communication are speed and feedback. A verbal message can be conveyed and a response received in a minimal amount of time. If the receiver is unsure of the message, rapid feedback allows for early detection by the sender and, hence, allows for early correction. The major disadvantage of oral communication surfaces in organizations or whenever the message has to be passed through a number of people. The more people a message must pass through, the greater the potential distortion. For example, if you ever played the game telephone at a party, you know the problem. Each person interprets the message in his or her own way. The messages content, when it reaches its destination, is very often different from that of the original. In an organization, where decisions and other communiquà ©s are verbally passed up and down the authority hierarchy, there are considerable opportunities for messages to become distorted. Written Communication. Written communications include memos, letters, electronic mail, fax transmissions, organizational periodicals, notices placed on bulletin boards, or any other device that is transmitted via written words or symbols. Why would a sender choose to use written communications? They are tangible and verifiable. Typically, both the sender and the receiver have a record of the communication. The message can be stored for a indefinite period. If there are questions concerning the content of the message, it is physically available for later reference. This feature is particularly important for complex and lengthy communications. The marketing plan for a new product, for instance, is likely to contain a number of tasks spread out over several months. By putting it in writing, those who have to initiate the plan can readily refer to it over the life of the plan. A final benefit of written communication comes from the process itself. You are usually more careful with the written word than the oral word. You are forced to think more thoroughly about what you want to convey in a written message than in a spoken one. Thus, written communications are more likely to be well thought out, logical and clear. Of course, written messages have their drawbacks. They are time consuming. You could convey far more information to a college instructor in a one-hour oral exam than in a one-hour written exam. In fact, you could probably say the same thing in 10 to 15 minutes that it would take you an hour to write. So, although writing may be more precise, it also consumes a great deal of time. The other major disadvantage is feedback, or lack of it. Oral communication allows the receiver to respond rapidly to what he thinks he hears. Written communication, however, does not have a built-in feedback mechanism. The result is that the mailing of a memo is no assurance it has been received, there is no guarantee the recipient will interpret it as the sender intended. The latter point is also relevant in oral communiquà ©s, except it is easy in such cases merely to ask the receiver to summarize what you have said. An accurate summary presents feedback evidence that the message has been received and understood. Employees Handbook: As business grows in size, management often turns to the use of an employee handbook as a communication tool to inform employees on issues such as company history and products, human resource policies, employee compensation and benefits, training assistance, health services, safety, security, employee responsibilities, and work standards. Handbooks are also useful to supervisors and administrators for ensuring consistent implementation and enforcement of company policies. These are intended to help in the induction of newcomers and to provide all the employees with a clear-cut understanding not only of the general policies of the management but also of the nature of the business, its sources of supplies, its customers, its products and the range of benefits and services available to its employees. Many organizations publish illustrated handbooks, depicting cartoons, charts and photographs. House Magazines and Newspapers: Some organizations maintain one or more employee magazines or journals. These are meant to keep employees well informed of the development in the business and to acquaint them with the personalities and activities of the organisation. It can explain the policies of the management in easily understood terms. House magazines contain news, and personal and social items. There may be references to parties, marriages, births, retirements, honours and awards. Financial Reports: Such reports describe the essential facts concerning the conduct of business, its expenses and profits, its income and distribution of financial standing. of the organisation and create understanding between the management and its employees. Bulletin Boards: Usually, big organizations keep a bulletin board for 50 to 100 employees in attractive colours, types and formats. These boards contain a wide range of material such as someones choice of cartoons from newspapers and magazines, pin-up photographs, events in the lives of present or former employees and other items of common interest. Audio-Visual Aids: Sound films, movies, slides, tapes may be played back to the workers. Such audio-visual aids have an obvious advantage of describing a companys range of operations and products, in illustrating how financial and other decisions are made, or in explaining work rules. Notice Boards: Notices are often pasted o the factory walls or gates or placed in glass covered notice boards, and these are hung at appropriate places in the premises of an organisation, near the canteens or factory gates. These notices usually depict abstracts as desired under the various statutes as well as notices of the various institutions in the establishment such as the sports club. Suggestion System: The suggestion system is designed to enlist the co-operation of subordinates in effecting improvements and in eliminating waste and to provide an avenue for a working communication with the management. Rewards are offered for suggestions which results in greater productive efficiency. In some organizations, suggestion boxes are located at convenient places throughout the plant. Communication with Public and Government: Organisations educate the public about their various activities through advertising, campaigns, meetings and conferences. Organisations also establish and organize special groups to communicate with the important segments of government. Proper communication plays an important role in a large organization, and there has to be a proper balance between the oral and written forms of communication. It need hardly be said that the choice of any method depends upon the purpose to be accomplished and the likelihood of its success. Quite often, it is better to use more than one method to convey the same information so that one can reinforce the other. Nonverbal Communication Every time we verbally give a message to someone, we also impart a nonverbal message. In some instances, the nonverbal component may stand alone. For example, in a singles bar, a glance, a stare, a frown, and a provocative body movement all convey meaning. As such, no discussion of communication would be complete without consideration of nonverbal communication-which includes body movements, the intonations or emphasis we give to words, facial expressions, and the physical distance between the sender and receiver. It can be argued that every body movement has a meaning and no movement is accidental. For example, through body language we say, Help me, Im lonely; Take me, Im available; Leave me alone, Im depressed. And rarely do we send our messages consciously. We act out our state of being with nonverbal body language. We lift one eyebrow for disbelief. We rub our nose for puzzlement. We clasp our arms to isolate ourselves or to protect ourselves. We shrug our shoulders for indifference, wink one eye for intimacy, tap our fingers for impatience and slap our forehead for forgetfulness. The two most important messages that body language conveys are (1) The extent to which an individual likes another and is interested in his or her views and (2) The relative perceived status between a sender and receiver. For instance, we are more likely to position ourselves closer to people we like and touch them more often. Similarly, if you feel that youre higher status than another, youre more likely to display body movements-such as crossed legs or a slouched seating position-that reflect a casual and relaxed manner. Body language adds to, and often complicates, verbal communication. A body position or movement does not by itself have a precise or universal meaning, but when it is linked with spoken language, it gives fuller meaning to a senders message. If you read the verbatim minutes of a meeting, you wouldnt grasp the impact of what was said in the same way you would if you had been there or saw the meeting on video. Why? There are no records of nonverbal communication. The emphasis given to words or phrases is missing. Facial expressions also convey meaning. A snarling face says something different from a smile. Facial expressions, along with intonations, can show arrogance, aggressiveness, fear, shyness, and other characteristics that would never be communicated if you read a transcript of what had been said. The way individuals space themselves in terms of physical distance also has meaning. What is considered proper spacing is largely dependent on cultural norms. For example, what is considered a businesslike distance in some European countries would be viewed as intimate in many parts of North America. If someone stands closer to you than is considered appropriate, it may indicate aggressiveness or sexual interest; if farther away than usual, it may mean disinterest or displeasure with what is being said. Its important for the receiver to be alert to these nonverbal aspects of communication. You should look for nonverbal cues as well as listen to the literal meaning of senders words. You should particularly be aware of contradictions between the messages. Your boss may say she is free to talk to you about a pressing budget problem, but you may see nonverbal signals suggesting that the is not the time to discuss the subject regardless of what is being said, an individual who frequently glances at her wristwatch is giving the massage that she would prefer to terminate the conversation. We misinform others when we express one message verbally, such as trust, but nonverbally communicate a contradictory message that reads, I dont have confidence in you. 3.1 COMMUNICATION TYPES: Internal/Organizational Communication This is communication that takes place within (or across) an organization. In addition to the usual face to face, telephone, fax or mail; modern organizations may use technology to communicate internally. Technology may be used for e-mails or a linked internal communication system such as the intranet which is an internet system designed solely for use by those working for the organization. External communications Conversely external communication is communication between the organization and those outside the organization. Modern organizations may design technological systems so that they can communicate with customers and undertake e-Commerce. Alternatively they communicate with other businesses through the internet or similar systems and undertake e-Business. Functions of Internal and External Communications; Technology has rapidly expanded the types of internal and external communication available to organizations. The diagram illustrates the vast array of internal and external communication available. Combined together internal and external types of communications allow various sectors of the local, national and international community to interact, liaise and conduct business. 3.2 Objectives of Communication Communication is not an end in itself. There is no use of communicating just for the sake of communicating. It is a means and a very effective means for the solution of managerial problems and for attainment of managerial objectives. Since managers work through others, all their acts, policies, rules, orders and procedures must pass through some sort of communication channel. The purposes of communication are: To develop information and understanding which are necessary for group effort? To provide an attitude which is necessary for motivation, co-operation and job satisfaction? To discourage the spread of misinformation, rumours, gossip, and to release the emotional tensions of workers To prepare workers for a change by giving them the necessary information in advance. To encourage ideas, suggestions from subordinates for an improvement in the product and work conditions, for a reduction in time or cost involved and for the avoidance of the waste of raw material. To improve labour-management relations by keeping both in contact with each other. To satisfy the basic human needs like recognition, self-importance and sense of participation. To serve auxiliary functions such as entertainment and the maintenance of social relations among human beings. The purpose of communication is to establish asocial environment that supports effective interaction and to ensure that the workforce has the skills to share information and co-ordinate their achievements efficiently 3.3 Importance of Communication Organizations cannot exist without communication. If there is no communication, employees cannot know what their respective associates are doing, management cannot receive information on inputs, and management cannot give instructions. Co-ordination of work is impossible, and the organisation will collapse for lack of it. Co-operation also becomes impossible, because people cannot communicate their needs and feelings to others. Every act of communication influences the organisation in some way or the other. As such effective communication tends to encourage better performance, improves job satisfaction, creates proper understanding, and develops feeling of involvement among the people. Chester Bernard (1938) has considered communication to be the very first function of a manager and has viewed it as the shaping force which links people and purposes together in any co-operative system. In the practice of management, Peter Drucker (1954) has observed that the managers main instrument for operating his affairs is information. The management process has widely been discussed as one which embraces the functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling, which are intimately involved with and dependant on, communication. Organisational structure is definitely tied to the communication systems. Communication is the key to effective teamwork, for both are based on the common fundamentals of information, understanding, consultation and participation. Communication is an essential skill at every level of organisational functioning and for organisations of all types, whether social, governmental, or commercial. According to Miner and Miner there Ware four basic types of communication network: (a) the regulative network ensures security, conformity to plans and the achievement of productivity through the communication of policy statements, procedures, and rules; (b) the innovative network is concerned with problem-solving and change through such techniques as suggestion systems and meetings; (c) the integrative network is directly related to consideration of employee morale and organisational maintenance; and (d) the informative network relates to employees effectiveness and productivity through a direct dissemination of information and training programmes. 3.4 Rules for Communication: A few basic rules should be followed in planning for and carrying out communications of all kinds, written and oral, regardless of form or format. Clarity: To be effective, communications must be understood, and to be understood, they must be clear. Brevity: It makes both written and oral communications easier to understand. Only one idea should be used in a sentence. Simplicity: Short, simple words, phrases, and sentences should be used. Every word should count. Extra words only serve to confuse. Precision: Precise words should be used. Integrity: Communication should always be used as a means, never as an end. During any major change programme, internal communication in an organisation is extremely. Important. It must be borne in mind in this context that communication is more than a dialogue. It builds on trust and openness among colleagues, and results in common understanding of the organisational issues that have a long-term bearing on the future of the organisation. 3.5 Formal and Informal Communication Basically, the two most important media of communication in an organisation are formal and informal communications. Formal communications are those that are official, that are a part of the recognized communication system of the organisation. A formal communication can be from a superior to a subordinate, from a subordinate to a superior, intra-administrative, or external. These communications may be oral or written. Informal communication is those that are outside the formal, recognized communication system. Informal communication originates spontaneously outside the formal channels and is the natural responses to the need for social interaction. Within the organisation, whatever its style or form, cohesive informal groups develop. Extensive research has shown that these informal work groups have tremendous power in shaping attitudes, behaviour, and consequently, production. They share a set of beliefs, values, and socially acceptable behaviours. In other words, group members come to think and act in similar ways, and this encourages feelings of closeness among them. In industry, at every level of organisational life, employees are bound together in informal groups and develop a

Europeans And Aborigines In The 1700s Essay -- Australia Australian H

European ships chiefly began sailing into southern Australian waters in the 18th century. These left human cargoes behind and, unlike earlier visitors, had an immediate impact on the Aborigines, who suffered interference with their economy and lifestyle as the colonists sought and secured for themselves good sources of water, sheltered positions, and access to fish—all of which were also vital to Aboriginal people. The perception that Australia was quietly â€Å"settled† without conflict with the Aboriginal people, an idea that, it has been argued, enabled the concept of â€Å"terra nullius† to be maintained, has been substantially revised in recent years. It is now generally acknowledged that resistance took place right from the first tentative encroachments by European nations into Australian waters. The Dutch sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1606 and one Dutch sailor was killed by the Tjungundji (whose hero was the warrior Sivirri). Another Dutch ship visited the area in 1623, but in attempting to kidnap people was met by 200 warriors who drove the sailors away. James Cook, in spite of the popular misconception, also met with some resistance in Botany Bay. Two Tharawal men, after sending away the women and children, stood firm against Cook’s landing. According to Cook’s account of the incident: â€Å"We then threw them some nails, beads etc. ashore which th ey took up and seem’d not ill pleased in so much that I thought that they beckoned to us to come ashore, but in this we were much mistaken, for as soon as we put the boat in they again came to oppose us upon which I fired a musket between the two which had no other effect than to make them retire back where bundles of their darts lay, and one of them took up a stone and threw at us w... ..., and movement controls and restriction of ceremonies meant that Aboriginal people were much more isolated from each other than they had been before. This, together with the influences and impact of European culture, resulted in the development of new artistic styles. In some areas gospel music with a uniquely Aboriginal (or Torres Strait Islander) flavour was written and performed, in others country-and-western music or blues styles developed. More recently have come rock music and modern dance groups such as Bangarra. From the 1950s, new materials and styles came to be used in the visual arts, including watercolours, acrylic paints, pottery, photography, landscape, abstract art, and sculpture. These also reflected the radical changes in lifestyle and economy resulting from permanent European settlement, although the effect varied considerably across the continent.

Expanding your business to China Essay

There are many advantages to expanding your business to China. Not only is China considered one of the largest economies in the world, it also has a vast emerging market that is still growing (Startup Overseas). Although China has embraced many Western Business ethics and practices, there are still numerous cross-cultural differences that can make it difficult to succeed without sufficient research and knowledge of the culture. Examples of these cross cultural differences include the Chinese’ attitude toward work and workplace, the labor laws, and how Chinese businesses collaborate with other organizations. More differences include how we market and sell a product, and how pricing differs between our two countries. Perhaps the most important differences are those of ethical positions, such as child labor and sexism. A Chinese worker’s attitude toward the job and the workplace depends on what position they have in an organization. China is considered a collectivist society, which means the majority of people within the society act in the interests of the group and not necessarily themselves (Geert Hofstede, 2010). The United States is considered an individualistic society and emphasizes the importance of the individual. This also applies to the way these countries do business. A collectivist business may have a team of workers contributing to satisfy all the customers, whereas an individualistic business may have several individual representatives who each have their own client list. Another difference in the workplace is how large an organization’s Power Distance is. Power distance is the acceptance that all individuals in the society are not equal (Geert Hofstede, 2010). China has a very large power distance, which means its’ workers accept the fact that there is a hierarchy within the organization, and they know their place within that organization. They expect power within the business to be distributed unequally. The United States has a lower Power Distance acceptance, which means that workers don’t accept that power is distributed unequally within the organization, and they expect to be treated as equals to even the people in the highest positions of the business. The Chinese also accept that decision making comes from the top, whereas in the U.S., everyone wants their suggestion and opinion to be heard, and they do not always accept decisions that are made within the organization. The  differences between Chinese and U.S. labor laws are subtle, but still worth mentioning. In China, a normal working week is 44 hours, with a maximum of 48 hours (only 4 hours of overtime is allotted). In the U.S., a normal working week is 40 hours, with overtime paid on any hours worked over that 40. Maternity leave is up to 3 months paid in China. In the U.S., Maternity leave is up to 12 months unpaid (at the company’s discretion). Surprisingly, women in China make 80.5% of what men in the same position make, whereas in the U.S., women only make 70% of what men make in the same position (Guo). In China, businesses tend to put an emphasis on personal relationships between business partners. An initial business meeting will consist of getting to know the personality and lifestyles of the one you are entering into a relationship with (Graf). Chinese business owners will want a loyal friendship when considering associations. This system of social networks and influential relationships that facilitate business and other dealings is called guanxi (Mah, 2012). In the United States, owners of a business as well as the workers within that organization strive to keep their personal and professional lives different. Though some partners end up being friends, and many workers build friendships outside of the workplace, it is not the intention at the start of a business relationship. Gift giving is also a large cultural difference. In the United States, if a gift is given at the start of a business meeting, or the start of an association, it can be seen as bribery or a way to make businesses feel obligated in working together. Chinese organizations are much more accepting of gifts although certain etiquettes must be followed in order for the gift to be given in good faith (Culture Crossing Guide). For example, gifts must be nicely wrapped and may not be opened right away unless prompted to do so. Also, do not give any gifts such as clocks, flowers, or cutting instruments as it is considered disrespectful. Negotiation style is a major difference between the United States and China. In China, social context, personal relations, and non-verbal behavior are very important in negotiation. There are usually many people from the  company who attend the meeting to discuss any topics that need negotiation. Americans value legal contracts and documents over personal relationships, and do not put as much stock in body language. American businesses usually only send one or two people do the negotiating on behalf of the entire company. For the purposes of this paper, let us assume that an American Company has seen great success with its toy product. This company is looking to expand its business to China. There is usually a demand for toys in any country and in China, 17.1% (roughly 223 million) of the nation’s population is under 14 years old (Central Intelligence Agency). Research also shows that the total retail sales of toys in China have increased by 14.2% since 2010 (HKTDC Research, 2014). The Design of this toy would have to be carefully rethought, particularly if it is a doll or Barbie type toy. The doll would have to be remanufactured to suit the needs of the children in China. Skin Color, Clothing, and accessories would all need to be redesigned. For example, although most girl-intended American Dolls wear pink, pink is considered a gender-neutral color in China. The color white is also associated with death and mourning, so any â€Å"wedding dress† dolls would need to be recolored to the traditional Chinese color of red (KaiWen, 2010). The clothing of the doll would probably have to become more modest. In looking at Chinese dolls, most are dressed in Geisha style robes. The United States dolls tend to show more â€Å"skin.† The packaging of the doll would also have to be translated to Chinese. The company would also need to avoid any symbolism that might offend Chinese parents or even the government, such as any American paraphernalia, like the flag, or anything with a religious context, like a cross. Imagine the price of this toy is $5.00. The value of a $1.00 is equal to 117.78 ( ¥). That would mean that the exchange rate on the toy would be $588.90. But with the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) factor, we know that China’s market exchange rate is .6 (World Bank, International Comparison Program Database, 2014). This means that China would actually pay 60% of what the United States would pay for the toy. The price of the toy would be  353.34  ¥. This price could be adjusted depending on competition in the Chinese market. The American company would also need to increase the price based on exporting costs. A sale price, or discounted price, in China is also different from what a sale price would be considered in the United States. In the U.S., if a product is on sale, the advertisement might say â€Å"10% off.† In China, they advertise the percentage of the price that you would pay for, in this example â€Å"90%† (Tyson, 2014). Good times for sales would be around National Chinese Holidays, such as the Chinese New Year (Spring Festival), May Day, or the Mid-Autumn Festival. Several sales channels can be used to promote a product in China. Traditional avenues include major shopping centers, specialty stores, and franchise chains. There is also the internet platform and many sites such as Amazon or Baby.tmall.com. One of the best ways to break into the toy market in China is to have the toy include educational or technological aspects. This would help broaden the available channels of the toys to include museums, zoos, and electronic stores. This is very different from the United States, who tends to promote and market to the different genders. Most American toys are either for girls or for boys; there aren’t very many gender-neutral toys. Just like in the United States, China has import and trade regulations. Some of these regulations include import inspection (Regulations for the Administration of Inspection of Toy Imports and Exports), attention to the potential danger of toys, China Compulsory Certification (CCC), and standards such as plush toy fillings should be even and of an appropriate softness with no hard objects inside. It is also worth noting the Standardization Law of the People’s Republic of China, where four levels of standards are stipulated: national standards, industry standards, local standards, and enterprise standards. This company will have to adhere to all of these standard and regulations in order to export the toys from the United States to China. Another option for the company would be to open a factory in China, or use a preexisting Chinese toy factory to manufacture the toys and sell / distribute locally. In order to reach the more rural  areas of China, this company might consider making a deal with a Chinese company that already distributes to those small towns and rural areas. If this company does decide to open a factory in China, or utilize a preexisting factory, it will have to deal with ethical issues such as child labor, and sexism. Child labor has been a widely controversial issue for many years. The PRC Law on the Protection of Minors was first passed in 1991, and the newly revised Minors Protection Law entered the force in 2007. Many International rights documents have also been implemented by the UN (Library of Congress). Although the child labor conditions have been described as â€Å"improved† in China, there are actually no statistics or documentation to back it up. We still hear reports of Child Labor issues existing in China. As a company looking to do business in China, it is important to set certain standards within the organization that do not support and do penalize child labor. Although women in China make a higher percentage of what men make (80.5%) than what women in American make compared to men (70%), there is still a lot of sexism in the society and the culture of Chinese businesses. For example, women must always greet men first, and it is not acceptable for women to look men in the eye. Women are not allowed in higher or executive positions within the organization. Women are still expected to meet a nice man, get married, have children, and take care of the household. Not to mention the fact that having a son is extremely preferable to having a daughter in most Chinese families. While this behavior would be considered abhorrent (mostly) in Western cultures, foreign businesses may actually benefit from China’s oversight in regards to women. Foreign businesses may hire the talented women for executive positions that Chinese businesses have ignored or cast aside (Harris, 2010). While there are many differences between the Chinese culture and ethics from those of the United States, expanding a business in China can be mutually beneficial and successful. There is a balance between Chinese and American societies and laws that must be found, or all parties may be unhappy. Before growing your business to a foreign country, much research and planning must be done. Or, as the Chinese proverb says, â€Å"if a thing’s worth doing, it’s worth doing well.† Works Cited Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The World Factbook: China. Retrieved from Central Intelligence Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html Culture Crossing Guide. (n.d.). China. Retrieved from Culture Crossing Guide: http://guide.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student.php?id=43 Geert Hofstede, G. J. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill USA. Retrieved from The Hofstede Centre. Graf, R. (n.d.). 10 Major Cultural Differences Between China and the United States. Retrieved from Hubpages: http://hubpages.com/hub/10-Major-Cultural-Differences—China-and-the-UnitedStates Guo, B. (n.d.). China’s Labor Standards: Myths and Realities. Retrieved from academia.edu: http://www.academia.edu/165449/China_s_Labor_Standards_Myths_and_Realities Harris, D. (2010, 12 16). Sexism in Cina. A Good Thing for Foreign Business? Retrieved from China Law Blog: http://www.chinalawblog.com/2010/12/sexism_china_style_a_good_thing_for_foreign_busine ss.html HKTDC Research. (2014, 09 18). China’s Toy Market. Retrieved from HKTDC Research: http://chinatrade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/China-Consumer-Market/China-s-toymarket/ccm/en/1/1X000000/1X002MRF.htm KaiWen. (2010, 11 09). Ask the Chinese Girl. Retrieved from Blogspot: http://ask-a-chineseguy.blogspot.com/2010/11/colors-in-chinese-culture.html Library of Congress. (n.d.). Children’s Rights: China. Retrieved from Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php Mah, R. (2012, 11 23). Cultural Differences Between America and China. Retrieved from World-Class Business Etiquette: http://www.etiquetteoutreach.com/blog_new-york-etiquetteguide/bid/92662/Cultural-Differences-Between-America-and-China Startup Overseas. (n.d.). Expanding a Business in China. Retrieved from Startup Overseas: http://www.startupoverseas.co.uk/expanding-a-business-in-china# Tyson, K.

Globalization in the Music industry Essay

The music industry has been around for over two centuries (PBS). Its volatility can be measured by its ability to shift and change according to its time period, the technologies that arise through the ages and the public’s shift in musical taste. The music industry is comprised of many different components, organizations and individuals that operate within it. Some of these components include the artists who compose the music themselves, the producers that engineer the sounds created by the artists, the companies that handle distribution and promotion of the recorded music, the broadcasters of the music such as radio stations, and professionals who assist the artists to further and better their livelihoods, such as lawyers and managers. All of these components work in cohesion to compose what is the larger industry of music. In order to fully understand how the music industry has survived and changed in the face of obstacles, one must look at its short history. The music industry only really started to emerge in the 19th century when sheet music began to be printed and distributed. People did not listen to recorded music until 1877 when Thomas Edison invented the original phonograph, so instead they would buy sheet music and play the music for themselves. Over the next century technologies were invented that streamlined the recording and listening of music such as creation of records, jukeboxes and the household radio. Mass production techniques were invented at the turn of the century that allowed music listening to become a regular past time, which propelled the profits of the music industry. Household music listening soon became adopted worldwide and thus shaped the industry that we know today. Globalization has both benefited and plagued the modern music industry. It has allowed for the worldwide spread of music globally through technological breakthroughs such as radio and more modern technologies such as digital distribution. Contrary to this, these modern technologies have also led to some of the greatest downfalls of the music industry, almost crippling it permanently. Recording labels have been forced  to completely remodel they’re respective business models in order to adapt to the advent of the digital music era. The sector has benefited from globalization in more than one way. For instance, these days, it is so easy to find share and listen to music, anyone with a computer can have access to listen and buy music. Also because of the rise of the Internet, artists aren’t confined to national boundaries. Music these days transcends borders (Bloomberg). In the case of Justin Bieber, a Canadian whose music is recognized and accepted widely by the youth of the world, has fans spreading continents all because listening to his music just requires looking up a song name on Youtube. The rise of digital technology and the Internet allows for the industry to bring together the world by finding communalities in musical taste with mass positive reception for an artist and the music he or she creates. No matter if a person is from Egypt or Tha iland, that person can access and enjoy the music of any artist he or she desires. Although the music industry has benefitted from globalization, most of its pitfalls have arisen from the same source that is globalization. The rise of digital technology and the Internet has bankrupt many of the music industries biggest names. A prime example of this is court ordered liquidation of Richard Branson’s 26 Virgin Megastores closings in France due to the rise of online music retailing such as Apple’s Itunes music store, which led to Virgin France’s bankruptcy in 2013 (BBC). Another fatal blow to the music industries crippled foundation was the rise of online piracy. As easy as it is to go online and buy or stream music, it is just as easy to steal it. There are thousands of websites dedicated to music piracy. Although music piracy has been on the decline in the past couple years, still about 11 percent of people using the Internet admit to downloading music illegally (Bloomberg). Over the past decade, the use of CDs has been replaced with online streaming and retailing. This has eliminated much of the record companies revenues as they were used to making most of their profit off of distribution and promotion of physical copies of artists albums (Niemen). This has caused for a major shift and remodeling of major players in the music industries business models. Companies such Sony, Warner Music Group and Universal Music Group have started to completely rethink the way they conduct business (Forbes). In the past record labels were not only responsible for production, distribution and promotion of an artist and  his/her music, but they also acted as a bank (Forbes), funding the artists tours and recording sessions. Recently, these music giants have been moving towards becoming more of a modular network organization. What this means is that they are less occupied with the nitty gritty, and more focused on what they do best which is distribution and promotion. Th is also allows for more freedom of creativity for the artist as well as fairer split of profits (Forbes). This adaption of new business models clearly shows the versatility of the music industry in adapting to new times and technologies. One can only speculate the future of the music industry. As aforementioned, the music industry is in constant flux, changing shape and adapting to new trends and innovations. If the music industry can survive the blows dealt by the rise of the digital era, than in my opinion, it can withstand whatever test time delivers. Hopefully, as the future of music and globalization proceeds, we will see a convergence between the music industry, artists and consumers that will benefit all parties. Globalization has the power to ruin industries or propel them to heights unseen. In the case of the music industry, although it has been affected negatively in the past, recent data shows that for the first time in years, the music industry has seen growth due to globalization and the widespread popularity of the artist Adele (Bloomberg). This proves that something positive can be found in every negative experience, especially in regards to globalization and the music industry. Sources: Lin, Cheng-Yi (2014). The Evolution of Taipei’s Music Industry: Cluster and Network Dynamics in the Innovation Practices of the Music Industry. Vol. 51 Issue 2, p335-354. Percival, J. Mark (2011). Music Radio and the Record Industry: Songs, Sounds, and Power. Popular Music & Society. Vol. 34 Issue 4, p455-473. 19p. GÃÅ"NDÃÅ"Z, UÄŸur (2012). Digital Music Format Mp3 as a New Communications Technology and the Future of the Music Industry. Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies. Vol. 4 Issue 7, p202-207. Ian Ginsberg. (2010). Music Lessons Lessons Inform Photojournalism’s Future. â€Å"The record business died as the digital music business was born. Photojournalism finds itself at a similar juncture now.† Retrieved from http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/article/102116/Music-Lessons-Inform-Photojournalisms-Future.aspx Schweizer, Kristen (2013). Music Industry Grows First Time in a Decade on Digital Adele. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-26/digital-music-with-adele-helps-record-industry-return-to-growth.html Plà ¡cido Domingo (2012). Digital Music Report 2012. A digital world that rewards artists and creators. Retrieved from http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2012.pdf Plummer, Robert (2013). French Mourn Virgins â€Å"Funeral March.† Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/business-20944909 Neilsen Soundscan (2011) The Nielsen Company & Billboard’s 2011 Music Industry Report. Retrieved from http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report#.Ux6BImTwLzQ Taintor, Callie (2004) Chronology: Technology and the Music Industry. â€Å"An examination of some of the technological milestones of recorded music.† Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/music/inside/cron.html Owsinski, Bobby (2014). 50 Cent’s The Latest To Exploit The Music Industry’s Newest Business Model. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/bobbyowsinski/2014/03/04/50-cent-the-latest-to-exploit-the-music-industrys-newest-business-model/

Time Expressions in Spanish

Time Expressions in Spanish Here are some miscellaneous words and expressions of time, with an example of each used in a sentence: al cabo de (after) - Al cabo de una semana, si el paciente no ha respondido al tratamiento, la dosis puede ajustarse. After a week, if the patient hasnt responded to the treatment, the dose can be adjusted.  ¿A cuntos estamos?  ¿A cuntos estamos hoy? (What day is it?) cada dà ­a (each day, every day) - Cada dà ­a te quiero ms. I love you more each day. el fin de semana (weekend) - Disfrute de un fin de semana romntico en nuestro hotel. Enjoy a romantic weekend in our hotel. de hoy en ocho dà ­as (a week from today) - De hoy en ocho dà ­as nos parecer que fue todo un mal sueà ±o. A week from now it will seem to us like it was all a bad dream. pasado/a (last) - La semana pasada fuimos a la ciudad. Last week we went to the city. prà ³ximo/a (next) - La vacunacià ³n masiva comenzar la semana prà ³xima.The mass vaccination will begin next week. (Prà ³xima can also be placed before the time designation.)  ¿Quà © fecha es hoy? (What day is it today?) que viene (next) - El DVD estar disponible la semana que viene. The DVD will be available next week. quince dà ­as (two weeks, fortnight) - Cada quince dà ­as se extingue una de las 6.700 lenguas del mundo. Every two weeks one of the worlds 6,700 languages goes extinct. un rato (a while) - Y despuà ©s saltaba a la piscina y nadaba un rato. And afterward I would jump in the pool and swim for a while. todos los dà ­as (every day) - Jugar todos los dà ­as con los hijos es fundamental para su desarollo. Playing every day with your children is essential for their development.

Leap of Faith essays

Leap of Faith essays In the movie, Leap of Faith, Jonas is a fake faith healer, who uses all the tricks in the book to con the people attending his shows. Jonas and his team of helpers, including Jane who is in need of some romance, travel the country stopping at big towns and cities to put on their show. When one of the trucks breaks down in a small town, Jonas is quick to accept the challenge of making money in this town. His other goal is to seduce Marva, a waitress in the town, but she's a hard nut to crack. In the beginning of the movie Jonas had more faith within himself than in religion. You can say that Jonas is one of those people who just feel unstoppable in what they want to do. In this case Jonas used his strong confidence to do bad deeds and steal peoples money. Jonas has his way with words, where he talks to people and persuades them. That was all true until he met someone who doesnt have faith and that is Marva. Jonas first meets Marva at the restaurant, at the little town where his bus broke down, and he falls for her. Jonas is trying his best to impress this woman but unfortunately she doesnt give in for some reason. Later on during the movie, Jonas starts his fraud preaching and everyone in the crowd believes in him. Around the second or third day a miracle was done over night. The statue of Jesus had its eyes open when it was originally closed. Jonas was confused and highly shocked to believe it was a real miracle, but he still played along with it. During that night Jo nas got a bigger crowd with high beliefs of healing. Towards the end of the night Jonas had people come up and he would do his healing thing, and out of the blue came Marvas crippled little bother. Jonas tried to avoid the kid at first by ending the show but everyone in the crowd was yelling for one more healing. Jonas couldnt ignore them so he came out talking to the coward, but by then the kid was walking toward the Jesus statue and he ...

Ceylon Tea Services Plc Marketing Essay

Ceylon Tea Services Plc Marketing Essay Introduction Ceylon Tea Services PLC which is a subsidiary of MJF group, is engaged in the manufacture, export and marketing of tea bags and packets under the brand name Dilmah. The company exports its products to the UK, the US, Canada,Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The company primarily operates in Sri Lanka, where it isheadquartered in Peliyagoda which is 7.5 km from Colombo. Merrill J. Fernando the founder of Dilmah set out in the 1950s to offer tea drinkers the finest tea on earth. Whilst doing so, he desired to make a genuinely ethical brand. It took nearly four decades for Merrill to fulfill his mission, but in 1988 he launched his family tea – Dilmah – the first producer owned tea brand in the world, handpicked, perfected and packed at source and shipped within days to tea drinkers around the world. Key Milestones Table 1 – Company milestone Year Key Milestone 1930 Merrill J Fernando, Founder of Dilmah is born in Pallansena, a tiny village in S outh Western Ceylon 1950 Merrill begins his journey in tea, as a trainee Tea Taster in London 1981 The incorporation of Ceylon Tea Services, the company which markets Dilmah tea 1988 Launch of Dilmah Tea in Sydney Australia 2000 Dilmah launches in Sri Lanka 2001 Dilmah launches in United Kingdom 2005 Medinge honors Dilmah as a Top Brand with a Conscience 2006 Dilmah acquires ISO 22000 : 2005 status 2007 Dilmah receives accolades at the Best Corporate Citizen Awards 2009 Dilmah Conservation unveils first Elephant Information Centre in Sri Lanka Source: Dilmah website Dilmah operates both in B2B and B2C markets by producing tea, tea bags and packets. Its product range varies from different flavored tea as depicted in Table 2. Products and features Table 2 – Product Categories Product Categories Product Names Dilmah Tea Premium Singal Origin Tea The Original Gourmet Teas Exotic Fun Tea Other Products Asian Spice Tea Ceylon Green Tea Watte Single Estate Tea Green Tea Fruit Infusi ons Trax Pack Box Pack Almond Toffee Creamity Wafer Rolls Korento Cookies Fruit Cookies Good Choice Cookies Chocopie Cheese Ball Cracker Fruit Drop Candie Wafer Sticks Darling Jelly Source: Marketing Memo June 2010 Salient features of Dilmah tea brand includes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Safe to use & consume à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-toxic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rich in aroma and taste à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No side effects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Free from artificial ingredients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secure Packaging Company Performance The company recorded revenues of Rs. 4,957.1 million (US$43.2 million) in the fiscal year ended March 2010. Its net profit was Rs.1,203.5 million (US$10.5 million) which is 25% in fiscal year 2010. Ceylon Tea Services PLC has a issued share capital of Rs.200 million (US$ 2M). Year over year, Ceylon Tea Services PLC has been able to grow their bottom line from 487.1M to 1.2B primarily through revenue growth (4.4B to 4.9B). For while the costs associated with cost of goods, SGA and income tax a ll increased as a percentage of sales, the growth in top line revenues contributed enough to still see net income improve. Figure 1 – Company Performance Source : Ceylon Teas PLC Audited Accounts Industry and Market As Dilmah operates in over 95 countries, competing in a global market place they fight for market share with both global and local players in each country. Therefore, the market share differs based on the country in which the organization cater. The MJF Group which is the parent company of Ceylon Teas PLC, caters to over 95 countries which include Australia, New Zealand, CIS, Eastern Europe -Poland, Baltics.

Biology Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology Blog - Essay Example I would ask about his family history to establish whether there have been other members who have been victims of atherosclerosis. Apart from the apparent smoking, I would I would strive to establish other risk factors that are predisposing this patient to worsen his health by carrying out diagnostic tests e.g. ECG, exercising for stress test, or CT scan. This will determine the extent of this condition in order to advice on treatment. Treatment would include first discussing with the patient about his symptoms and the dangers that they pose to him and those around him. He should begin by taking charge of his smoking and recommend that he should eventually quit the habit. Other lifestyle habits to avoid are getting rid of foods high in cholesterol and alternatively adopt low fat and low salt diets. Exercises should begin if he has not been active before as this helps to increase the flow of blood throughout his body system and burns out fats. In addition to lifestyle changes, I would recommend certain medication that will aid the heart in working more effectively. This will depend on the condition of his heart at that moment. Aspirin can be taken as soon as he experiences shortness of breath to aid in breaking up any possible blood clot. 2. An important quality that makes organisms living things is their ability to maintain homeostasis. Describe an example where animals or humans (again, you may or may not choose to use personal experiences) have gone through either a negative or positive feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis. The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite external environmental changes is homeostasis. One example of a positive feedback mechanism in Homeostasis in seen in the sweating activity. The activity of the sweat glands in our bodies is an important process through which we strive to conserve or release body heat. Just like the way we

Victimless Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Victimless Crimes - Essay Example A good example of this train of thought is taken from a Speech at Cornell Law School One needs to completely rid oneself of the voracity for cash to see that prostitution, although legalized, can never be a legitimate business because it will always be associated with crime, corruption, class, mass sexual exploitation and human trafficking." Most commonly the list of activities and conduct proscribed by most repressive legal structures include, prostitution, obscenity, nudity, and incest, erotica (pornography), and sodomy (consensual oral or anal sexual activity). The philosophical basis of this dichotomy of views is profound. To the libertarian side the individual and his or her rights are paramount. Its absolutist position is presented right clearly in the National Platform of the Libertarian Party (adopted at its July 2002 convention in Indianapolis, Indiana) "http://www.lp.org/issues/platform/victcrim.html", which includes, in regards to consensual sexual activity, the language: Victimless Crimes - Because only actions that infringe on the rights of others can properly be termed crimes, we favor the repeal of all federal, state, and local laws creating 'crimes' without victims. In particular, we advocate: the repeal of all laws regarding consensual sexual relations, including prostitution and solicitation, and the cessation of state oppression and harassment of homosexual men and women, that they, at last, be accorded their full rights as individuals; the repeal of all laws regulating or prohibiting the possession, use, sale, production, or distribution of sexually explicit material, independent of "socially redeeming value" or compliance with "community standards Prohibition Curiously enough the prohibitionist side can count under its banner two groups that we might ordinarily considered to be at odds, upholders of traditional religious morality and insurgent feminist ideologues. It is within the categorical dichotomy between these two viewpoints that we must examine to discover a reasonable reply to the primary question given. In our society the traditionalist view posits the society as paramount, the entity calling for the most dignity, respect and consideration. In this way the argument goes a loosening of sexual restrictions will lead to the destruction of traditional marriage and the unleashing upon society of hordes of unattached males who, as everyone knows, are only interested in "one thing". It is particularly in regards to the question of prostitution that this idea is most prominent. The reasoning goes like this: why would a man stay with support and protect a single woman, with all the disadvantages that such behavior entails when he could be free to follow his instincts and enjoy himself without consequence. This viewpoint goes further to claim that the family structure is the primary bulwark of society itself, and therefore prostitution should be prohibited. The feminist take on this approach is a question from and

Socio-Political Factors And Mental Health Essay

Socio-Political Factors And Mental Health - Essay Example Some of these factors include race, culture, ethnicity, gender, social class, and other similar factors. This double burden is referred to as double stigma (Corrigan et al. 2004; Rowe 2005). The double stigma does not only perpetuate the self-depreciation that patients experiences, but it also fortifies the public stigma that is manifested in the forms of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping against mentally ill patients. In this effect, double stigma heightens the negative impact of the stigma that mentally ill patients experience. Recognising the seriousness of the condition, this study will answer the question how socio-political factors may influence mental health? In attempting to answer the question, the study will focus only on one socio-political factor – ethnicity. This acts as a form of limitation and the focus needed in addressing the query of the study. Ethnicity is now used to indicate, â€Å"the different and unequal experiences of social groups with spec ific social attributes such as language, religion, and dress codes† (Giddens & Sutton 2010, p. 136). Ethnicity is necessary because it is one of the foundations of a person’s worldview (Sue & Sue 2003; Sumari & Jalal 2008). The motivation behind choosing ethnicity over other socio-political factors is the fact that one of the key aspects of contemporary society is pluralism and ethnicity is its concrete reality. In a pluralistic society, there is the increasing tendency that the minority group is viewed from the perspective of the majority group as they cohabit within the same physical space. This creates pressure since there are mark distinctions among ethnic groups. In this regard, ethnicity is pivotal in mental health because of the double stigma that patients in the minority group are experiencing. Its negative impact will continue if it is not consciously addressed. In addressing the problem of this study, the answer is drawn both from the experience of the service user and scholarly journals and books dealing with the issue of ethnicity and mental health. The Response Mental health practitioners have the ethical and moral obligation to respect the cultural context from where the patient is coming (Trimble & Fisher 2006). The increasing multicultural diversity of patients with mental illness increases the responsibility of mental health practitioners in providing the venue wherein the patient’s cultural heritage is included as an integral component in formulating accessible and quality therapy for the patient (Sue & Sue 2003). Nonetheless, it has been observed, there appears to be a gap between the theoretical knowledge of the role of ethnicity and the empirical belief justifying that health care providers have to respect the reality of ethnicity since some practitioners are reluctant to modify their current practices to accommodate ethnicity (Griner & Smith 2006). This situation amplifies the double stigma among ethnic groups. The Wes tern Approach of Self-Disclosure. PA, an Asian and one of the patients in the Community Health Centre, shares, â€Å"I do not understand why I have to tell somebody my fears, my thoughts, my delusions.

The house we live in Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The house we live in - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, this is not the case as non-whites get fewer benefits although they may have worked harder than whites may. This form of treatment is present in most societal settings such as housing, customs, and even in courts. It is heartbreaking to find out that non-whites are not favored even by the government. This is because they are even denied citizenships for the mere fact that they are non-whites. At one point, a court had determined that the definition of whiteness depends on the comprehension of the white man. This implies that even the courts are giving the white man an opportunity to discriminate the non-whites since the white man would have the power to determine who is white and who deserves certain favors. This is happening even in employment places where whites are allocated the most prestigious positions although they may have lower qualifications as other non-whites. This is a form of modern day slavery where certain individuals are slaves in free countries. These behaviors happen especially in the countries that pledge fair treatment to noncitizens. This implies that racism and discrimination on grounds of skin color is an indication of hypocrisy. Personally, I do not think that race should ever be considered when offering citizenships or when giving out any opportunity. This is because all people are equal and should be treated as such. This behavior of race-based favors brings additional problems such as inequality in the society. For instance, when comparing white and black families, one can note the huge differences beginning with both groups’ net worth. According to the documentary, the net worth of an average white family is at least eight times higher as compared to the black family. In the same way, the houses being sold in white dominated areas cost a lot more than those in black or even Hispanic neighborhoods. This and other differences do not translate to higher performances by

CRITICAL DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE CHOSEN INCLUDING RATIONALE FOR Lab Report

CRITICAL DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE CHOSEN INCLUDING RATIONALE FOR CHOICE - Lab Report Example This article is a critical discussion and evaluation of this write-up dealing with the question, whether it is ethical for counsellors to have sexual relations with their ex-clients or not, as laid down by the statutory authority. In the write-up, the writer, Paul Wilkins talks about various psychological concepts and aspects like transference, love, power play, the importance of time and critically analysis if this clause is required and if it is ethical for counsellors to maintain sexual relations with their e x-clients. The rationale behind choosing this write-up, is to highlight the high rate of these occurrences and to critically appraise the clauses laid down. With the number of individuals approaching counsellors increasing by the day, such cases are being more commonly reported and are being accepted as a part of the set-up. The analysis of this write-up can help us come to a conclusion upon the ethical detailing of the clause. This can help implement better codes of ethics in our practical lives. ANALYSIS As already mentioned, the BAC, in its general annual meeting, upheld the clause that sexual relations between counsellors and their ex-clients is unethical and it must take place only after about twelve weeks after the completion of the sessions. A special clause was added that under certain circumstances, a special lifetime ban can also be imposed on such occurrences. This was a debatable issue, since it was not unanimously agreed upon, whether such a ban or such a clause is required. Was it really unethical for a counsellor to carry no sexual relations with his ex-client In order to form the best possible opinion, the writer, Paul Wilkins, has brought about numerous references and psychology-connected theories, besides quotes of eminent authorities. As an initiation, the writer talks about the psychological concept of transference and the relation it bears with the emotion of love. According to psychology, the relation between a counsellor and the client, is that of a student-mentor relationship, wherein the client looks up to the counsellor for guidance and understanding. This relation is called transference.Due to the presence of transference, love between the counsellor and the client, cannot be forged. According to Freud, sexual relations between counsellors and their patients are not possible. However, he is not very vocal about the post-counselling phase, when transference is reduced. The mentor-mentee relation disappears after a period of time and on the completion of this period, sexual relation can be called ethical, it appears! Therefore, this period of transference is impermanent and not an long-standing one. However, this is also criticised on various grounds, the

Socio-Political Factors And Mental Health Essay

Socio-Political Factors And Mental Health - Essay Example Some of these factors include race, culture, ethnicity, gender, social class, and other similar factors. This double burden is referred to as double stigma (Corrigan et al. 2004; Rowe 2005). The double stigma does not only perpetuate the self-depreciation that patients experiences, but it also fortifies the public stigma that is manifested in the forms of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping against mentally ill patients. In this effect, double stigma heightens the negative impact of the stigma that mentally ill patients experience. Recognising the seriousness of the condition, this study will answer the question how socio-political factors may influence mental health? In attempting to answer the question, the study will focus only on one socio-political factor – ethnicity. This acts as a form of limitation and the focus needed in addressing the query of the study. Ethnicity is now used to indicate, â€Å"the different and unequal experiences of social groups with spec ific social attributes such as language, religion, and dress codes† (Giddens & Sutton 2010, p. 136). Ethnicity is necessary because it is one of the foundations of a person’s worldview (Sue & Sue 2003; Sumari & Jalal 2008). The motivation behind choosing ethnicity over other socio-political factors is the fact that one of the key aspects of contemporary society is pluralism and ethnicity is its concrete reality. In a pluralistic society, there is the increasing tendency that the minority group is viewed from the perspective of the majority group as they cohabit within the same physical space. This creates pressure since there are mark distinctions among ethnic groups. In this regard, ethnicity is pivotal in mental health because of the double stigma that patients in the minority group are experiencing. Its negative impact will continue if it is not consciously addressed. In addressing the problem of this study, the answer is drawn both from the experience of the service user and scholarly journals and books dealing with the issue of ethnicity and mental health. The Response Mental health practitioners have the ethical and moral obligation to respect the cultural context from where the patient is coming (Trimble & Fisher 2006). The increasing multicultural diversity of patients with mental illness increases the responsibility of mental health practitioners in providing the venue wherein the patient’s cultural heritage is included as an integral component in formulating accessible and quality therapy for the patient (Sue & Sue 2003). Nonetheless, it has been observed, there appears to be a gap between the theoretical knowledge of the role of ethnicity and the empirical belief justifying that health care providers have to respect the reality of ethnicity since some practitioners are reluctant to modify their current practices to accommodate ethnicity (Griner & Smith 2006). This situation amplifies the double stigma among ethnic groups. The Wes tern Approach of Self-Disclosure. PA, an Asian and one of the patients in the Community Health Centre, shares, â€Å"I do not understand why I have to tell somebody my fears, my thoughts, my delusions.

CRITICAL DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE CHOSEN INCLUDING RATIONALE FOR Lab Report

CRITICAL DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE CHOSEN INCLUDING RATIONALE FOR CHOICE - Lab Report Example This article is a critical discussion and evaluation of this write-up dealing with the question, whether it is ethical for counsellors to have sexual relations with their ex-clients or not, as laid down by the statutory authority. In the write-up, the writer, Paul Wilkins talks about various psychological concepts and aspects like transference, love, power play, the importance of time and critically analysis if this clause is required and if it is ethical for counsellors to maintain sexual relations with their e x-clients. The rationale behind choosing this write-up, is to highlight the high rate of these occurrences and to critically appraise the clauses laid down. With the number of individuals approaching counsellors increasing by the day, such cases are being more commonly reported and are being accepted as a part of the set-up. The analysis of this write-up can help us come to a conclusion upon the ethical detailing of the clause. This can help implement better codes of ethics in our practical lives. ANALYSIS As already mentioned, the BAC, in its general annual meeting, upheld the clause that sexual relations between counsellors and their ex-clients is unethical and it must take place only after about twelve weeks after the completion of the sessions. A special clause was added that under certain circumstances, a special lifetime ban can also be imposed on such occurrences. This was a debatable issue, since it was not unanimously agreed upon, whether such a ban or such a clause is required. Was it really unethical for a counsellor to carry no sexual relations with his ex-client In order to form the best possible opinion, the writer, Paul Wilkins, has brought about numerous references and psychology-connected theories, besides quotes of eminent authorities. As an initiation, the writer talks about the psychological concept of transference and the relation it bears with the emotion of love. According to psychology, the relation between a counsellor and the client, is that of a student-mentor relationship, wherein the client looks up to the counsellor for guidance and understanding. This relation is called transference.Due to the presence of transference, love between the counsellor and the client, cannot be forged. According to Freud, sexual relations between counsellors and their patients are not possible. However, he is not very vocal about the post-counselling phase, when transference is reduced. The mentor-mentee relation disappears after a period of time and on the completion of this period, sexual relation can be called ethical, it appears! Therefore, this period of transference is impermanent and not an long-standing one. However, this is also criticised on various grounds, the

Leadership Within the 12 Angry Men Essay Example for Free

Leadership Within the 12 Angry Men Essay Throughout the film, there is seemingly more than one â€Å"leader† throughout the jury as according to Nick’s definition of a leader being that there were multiple influences and instances that persuaded the decisions of others. Initially the situation is composed of a biased and opinionated jury that is almost unanimously convinced the defendant is guilty. Throughout the scene, there is a slow but sure change of mind throughout the jury as the protagonist, Juror #8, successfully persuades the other jurors who initially voted the boy guilty of murder to further investigate and examine the fact which eventually leads to the confirmation and agreement of reasonable doubt among the jury. Juror 8’s effective followership was best represented by his consistent approach and solution to the conflict that initially had nobody even listening. Juror 8 knew what he was standing up for, proper justice, even in the face of adversity as he was challenged by everyone in the room and his willingness and courage to assume the responsibility and challenge the assumed (198). He is also seen as a leader of the group through the honesty and integrity he displayed by â€Å"acting in accordance with solid moral principles† (41) as well as a drive to reach an honest verdict by convincing the group to look at all the possibilities despite the obvious and assumed. Juror 3 would best be classified as an alienated follower as his prejudice against the defendant clouds his judgment, placing a bias on why he thinks the boy is guilty. As it turns out, his own son that he hasn’t seen for 2 years had grown up challenging his authority and rejecting his morals providing the basis for the anger that is displayed so stubbornly until the very bitter end. As alienated followers â€Å"are capable, they focus exclusively on the shortcomings and have experienced setbacks and obstacles† (195) as did Juror 3 when initially, he had convincingly and mindlessly persuaded the others of the defendant’s guiltiness as a result of the anger he felt from the bitter relationship he had with his son. Juror 10 could most definitely be classified as conformist follower as his stubborn belief in the defendant’s guiltiness was supported by a mindless and intolerant argument supported by his racist, bigoted comments. Initially Juror 10 willingly participated in the heated yet convinced discussion as there was little doubt about the defendant’s guilt and conflict was at a minimum. As the tables turned and tension rose, Juror 10 found himself â€Å"concerned with avoiding conflict† (195) and became less of a contributor to the conversation. As with Juror 8, in any situation in which there is an uncertainty or doubt present, especially regarding a decision with such major implications such as the one presented to the â€Å"Twelve Angry Men†, I find it highly necessary to further investigate and take all things into consideration before coming to a decision. The suspicion of shady, questionable behavior of the CEO is to be examined and reviewed in the same manner that Juror 8 went about questioning the assumed â€Å"facts† and looked at all the possibilities.

Creation of a Theatre Booking System

Creation of a Theatre Booking System Emmett Harkin Cathal Murray Conor McCallion Bebito Jacob The problem brief which we have decided as a group is the Theatre booking system. The problem is that the theatre wants to develop a new ticketing system for the customers. This system can be a terminal located in the theatre, mobile application, or interactive device. The system needs to consider how information relating to events, seating plans is displayed. The reasons why we are undertaking this project because there are many problems we can fix as a team for example: If you make a payment many theatres make it difficult to cancel tickets so you dont get a refund on tickets. Language Barriers when displaying the interface site, Customers could make the mistake of choosing the wrong seats and the wrong night and the payment problems after the customer makes the booking on the tickets so their card might not have been accepted and requires to start the process over again and the aim is to make this system simplistic as possible for the end user. But The main problem that we are trying to address within this system is displaying the availability of seats for each performance within a time limit.   So, when the users are looking for tickets for a specific performance then there should be a time limit of 5 minutes for each person so they reserve those seats depending on how many tickets they are looking for because they will be more than one customer on the one server trying to get those tickets and seats for the specific night. The customer might change his/her mind and cancel those tickets for the performance so the other user can buy the available tickets. It will then display the seating plan and what seats are available on the night of the performance. Some customers may require disability assistance so the user can tick the checkbox and a line of text which will provide the best seating for this person and it will make sure that there will be someone seating beside this including with another person. This topic requires investigation because as a team we can fix the problem above and what were trying to address to make sure that the customer gets the best experience of the interface and can follow the process of fixing the problem of the current system.       2.1 PACT Analysis People With the booking system being available to everyone this means it should be as generic aspossible to ensure all users have an equal chance when using the system. All users will have different physical ability, computing knowledge etc. so this means that the system must cater for all. There will be a help page with a user guide so no matter what level users are at they will be able to navigate through the website with ease. The layout of the website will be simple and consistent to ensure a professional look which will again ensure easy navigation for the user. Activities With this application it should be effortless for users purchasing a ticket for a show andthere will be multiple ways in doing this, e.g. searching for a show by genre. The process in purchasing a ticket is very simple, first choose the show they would like to see, which ever date and time and then confirm the booking of the ticket(s). Once the ticket(s) have been booked then the user will be given a reference number which they will have to bring to the theatre with them. This reference number will be entered into a kiosk and their ticket(s) will be dispensed. Context The context in which a theatre customer is presented depends largely on the circumstances which the customer finds time to order theatre tickets for a specific performance. There may be non-English speaking people who wish to buy tickets. Therefore, we could have a language changing facility where a dropdown menu showing displaying a language text as well as a national flag to make selection more convenient. People who visit the website may be sight disabled, and many older people possess this disability, in this case a pan and zoom facility might be introduced. Technologies A webpage may be viewed on a variety of devices. These could be PC,laptop, internet TV, mobile device such as smartphones, etc.   we will have to make the webpage viewable for different sizes of screenwith input and output selectable and viewable by allocating ample space for controls and viewable images. We should also consider the constraints of the small space of a webpage presentation on a mobile device. Controls likewise must be sized appropriately on a mobile device for more convenient use by the user. 2.2 Persona User Stories Conceptual Scenarios and Concrete Scenarios Name: John Parker Gender: Male Age: 45 Education Level: Degree in Computing Occupation Level and Job: Senior Systems Analyst 10+ years experience Income:  £40,000- 50,000, Family Life: Married with two children Personal interests/activities Enjoys different types of genres of performance: Including  Comedy, Musical, Opera and Variety Shows etc. And like watching sports like football  and golf. Knowledge level of the system we are developing for is for an experienced  user as John works within the computing business as a senior systems analyst and  has a degree in Computing and has also over 10 years experience in this field. Attitude towards and level of interest in the system John is very interested in the  workings of this system and is very eager wanting to know how the required system  needs to work and how to make it as easy as possible for John to work this system as  he is already an experienced user. User Stories John decided to booked a performance for les Miserables on the  Thursday 20th February 2017 and 19.45pm for two adults, two children and Johns  Mum who requires assistance. The total cost for the five tickets altogether costs  Ã‚ £109.50.   But the problem was that John would not make the show due to working  duties and he needs to change the date of the performance and doesnt want to cancel  the tickets. So, John rang the theatre box office and John asked if they could change  the date to the Friday the 21st of February at 20.00pm and they confirmed that it will  be the same price and same seats and they will be assistance required on the night  of the performance. Conceptual Scenarios Booking a theatrical performance- People which have the basic computing skills will be able to contact the theatre box office anytime via the internet by searching for the contact number and rectifying any changers that can be made and will be able to book tickets, choose a time and date. The John will receive confirmation of the performance. Concrete Scenarios a Booking a theatre performance John needs to change the date and time for the show which is next week. The date and time will need to be tomorrow around 7.30-8pm. John uses his PC and the internet at his work. He has no difficulty in checking his theatre booking system. 1. He logs in My Account and check is booking and clicks on change date and time and then receives the confirmation of the change date and time of the performance. (See Appendix for More Scenarios and User Stories) 2.3 Use Cases 1. Searching for performances- When a customer enters the website of the main page the customer can search for the different types of performances in the whats on page within the main page the customer can scroll down sorted by date or can search for a specific performance in the search box within the header of the page. (See Appendix for more Use Cases to support information) 2.4 HTA Analysis Customer Purchasing Ticket for Booking Performance 1. Selecting a Performance, 2. Checking/date Availability, 3. Ticket pricing/selection- (3.1 Ticket pricing Families, 3.2 Ticket pricing concessionary/disability, 3.3 Ticket pricing adult, 3.4 Ticket pricing child, 3.5 ticket pricing infant), 4. Seat Selection  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   5. Make a payment (5.1 Payment via debit/credit card, 5.2 PayPal, 5.3 Cash)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ €šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   6. Generate Tickets/Receipt (6.1 Deliver ticket via post, 6.2 via email, 6.3 reserve at local theatre) (See Appendix for more HTA Analysis) 2.5 Requirements Specification We have refined and prioritised the Requirements using the MoSCoW approach into a detailed requirements specification. (See appendix for interview and questions and more prioritised requirements). Must Have The Theatre system must provide the user with information of all current shows The system shall enable customer or visitor to view list of performances displayed at each venue by date and time. The system must provide the user with information of upcoming events/shows The system must allow users to book a quantity of tickets for a show within a time limit. The system would have allowed seat selection for people who need assistance because according to the guardian Disability people would get the worst seats when watching movies or performances (www.theguardian.com) The system must provide users with a booking confirmation Should Have The Theatre system shall have search function. Customer can search performances based on performance name, date, time and venue. The booking system shall function to create account. The system shall record all the following data from the customer, except for the optional fields, all other data is mandatory. Could Have The speed of the system will allow customers to reserve tickets quickly. The system must have backed up data every 24 hours and the backup copies stored in online cloud information service Wont Have (For later development) The system shall have username and password recovery function. The system shall ask Security Questions that customer entered during registration. 3.1 Sketches/Screen Design of Storyboard of the Foyle Theatre booking System 3.2 Sketches of Site map/Navigation Diagram for purchasing Tickets 3.3 Wireframes of the Home Page and Performance Page (See appendix for more Wire Frame design of the interface). 3.4 UI Mock-up/Paper Prototype of Home Page and Choose Performance Page (See appendix for more UI Mock-up/Paper Prototypeof the interface). http://guides.library.ulster.ac.uk/content.php?pid=459328sid=3760470 https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2011/aug/25/disabled-cinemagoers-worst-seats-campaign http://www.reallyusefultheatres.co.uk/our-theatres/about/adelphi/30 http://www.delfontmackintosh.co.uk/Theatres/NovelloTheatre/NovelloTheatre_Access.asp http://www.shaftesburytheatre.com/your-visit/access-information/ https://www.eno.org/your-visit/disabled-access/ http://www.theatrepeople.com/info/frequently-asked-questions https://help.ticketmaster.co.uk/why-is-there-a-time-limit-when-i-book-tickets-online/ https://www.eventbrite.com/support/articles/en_US/How_To/how-to-increase-or-decrease-the-amount-of-time-to-complete-an-order?lg=en_US www.gentingarena.co.uk/venue-info/disabled-visitors/ http://www.millenniumforum.co.uk/about-us/accessible-facilities/ https://www.cheaptheatretickets.com/london-theatre-access/ https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/your-visit/access www.malvern-theatres.co.uk/your-visit/disabled-access https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/your-visit/access https://www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk/en/articles/money-saving-tips-and-discounts-for-disabled-people Persona User Stories Conceptual Scenarios and Concrete Scenarios Name Michael      Gender MaleAge 20Education level University StudentOccupation and level at job Part time sales advisorIncome  £8,000 + student loanFamily life In a relationshipPersonal interests/activities Football and computingKnowledge level of the system you are developing for Experienced user as he studies computing at university Attitude toward and level of interest in system Interested in the new system because there is a way of reserving a ticket Story: I am planning on buying a ticket to a show in the theatre to surprise my girlfriend for  her birthday. The problem I have is that I am unable to purchase anything online  because I dont have a credit/debit card. Everything I buy needs to be paid for with  cash. So, I was hoping there would be a system implemented that I could reserve a  ticket and then pay with cash whenever I get to the theatre. With me being at university  and, working part time I will have to find out the times of each show and what days  they are on and either book it off with work or try and fit in with my days off. Conceptual Scenario: Purchasing a ticket For a user looking to purchase a ticket then there are multiple options for doing so. These would be paying with credit card, PayPal as an option or if the user doesnt  choose paying by card then they have an option to reserve a ticket and then pay by  cash when they arrive at the theatre. Users can also search through different shows  for different dates and it will show what time these shoes commence at. Concrete Scenario:Michael needs to book two tickets for him and his girlfriend to see a show for her birthday. He does not own a debit/credit card so he is unable to book a ticket online. With his university commitments and him working part time he has no time to go to the theatre and sort it there. This means he will need to reserve a ticket and then pay for it with cash when he arrives. He then needs to check the website for all dates and times of each show to sort a show that he is free for. Name: Sean Gender: MaleAge: 34Education: BSc Computer ScienceFull Time/ Part time Job: Full time ProgrammerIncome:  £34,000.Family life: Married, 3 children under 6. Hobbies/activities: Rugby, Gaelic and Computing Knowledge level of the system you are developing for: Experience in C++, C#, Java and HTML learned through university degree. Interest in system: The existing system doesnt accommodate the purchase of snacks online. Persona: I have persona I have chosen is that of a family who wants to pre-buy the snacks for the cinema in order to get into the theatre faster and with less hassle. Currently it is not possible to pre-buy snacks or drinks online. The family wants to pre-purchase the snacks along with their tickets so they can get into the cinema without having to wait. Story: A family wants to pre-buy the snacks along with their cinema ticket. There are three children under the age of 6 in the family. The parents had a negative experience at the cinema before on a release of a major title. They found that it was difficult to wait in a long line with three kids and the whole process lasted over half an hour. By pre-purchasing the snacks, they wouldnt have to wait in the long line and instead go in without having to wait. Conceptual Scenario:The customer will have the option to pre-purchase a variety of different foods and drinks online. Only the most popular foods will be made available online in case there is an issue with their availability. The customer can pay for the snacks with a credit, debit card or PayPal. Once the ticket is ordered an email will be sent to the customer. The email will have a digital copy of the ticket with seat allocations and a unique key that will be useful later. Once the customer is at the cinema, they can avoid the regular line and go to the ticket machine where they have to enter the code they received in the email and print the ticket. Once the ticket is printed they can go ahead to the barrier and scan the ticket to access the theatre. Once the ticket is scanned staff working in the kiosk are prompted with the snacks they ordered and their seat allocations so it can be brought to them before the movie. Use Cases 2. Booking some performance/performances- When the customer has chosen their performance the customer can choose how many tickets that the customer wants and choosing the seat selection for the person/people for this performance on the specific data the customer has chosen. 4. Payment of performances- When the customer has chosen how many tickets he/she wants and picked the seats required, the customer can make the payment on tickets by a few payment options either credit/debit card, PayPal, or cash at the theatre. 5. Generate Tickets/Modify Tickets When the customer has completed the payment of the tickets the customer will getting a booking ID number and would say congratulations on buying your tickets and they will be delivered to you by the choice of the customer wants for example by email, by post or reserve and collect at the theatre. 6. Update Shows of Performance- The Theatre Manager is responsible for making sure that the shows will be updated and no old shows or shows that are over are displayed to the customer and will also show new shows coming soon to the theatre. 7. Generate Reports-   The Theatre Manager must make sure that the reports will be generated every few weeks about how many people are attending each show? what is the most popular night within the theatre for a show? How much money is incoming per show? How much is required outgoing to pay the staff and performers within the theatre? 5.3 HTA Analysis- Modify tickets, Generate Report, Manage Theatre Information 1.Select My Account to login for modifying select tickets, 2. My account requires username and password, 3. Cancel Tickets (3.1 Full Refund within two days before performance, 3.2 Partial Refund if cancel within one day of performance, 3.3 No Refund if cancel tickets on the day of performance), 4. Change Performance(4.1 Change Date/Time of performance depending of availability within five days of performance, 5.2 Change seating plan depending on availability within five days of performance) 5. Confirmation of change via receipt Group and Order Report by Date, 1.1.1. Enter Start Date, 1.1.2 Enter End Date 1.1.3 View Report pricing/selection Group and Order Report by Show- 2.1.1 Choose show from list of shows,2.1.2 View Report. 1.1 Add Show, 1.1.1 Look for available date in calendar, 1.1.2 Enter Show information, (1.1.2.1 Enter Name of Show, 1.1.2.2 Enter Show Images, 1.1.2.3 Enter age view rating) 2.1 Edit a Show , 2.1.1 Look for a show in list, 2.1.2 Modify show information(2.1.2.1 Modify name of show, 2.1.2.2 Modify show images, 2.1.2.3 Modify age view rating), 2.1.3 Submit information, 3.1 View a show(3.1.1 Look for a show in list and select it), 4.1 Delete a show, 4.1.1 Look for a show and select it, 4.1.2(automatic deletion of show when date expires) Requirements Specification We have refined and prioritised the Requirements using the MoSCoW approach into a detailed requirements specification. Must Have Username Password Password Confirmation. First Name Last Name Street Address 1, Postcode, City/Town Country Telephone Number Mobile Number Should Have Bank/Building Society name Card number Sort code Expiry date Issue date Security key Could Have Fax Number (Optional) Foyle Theatre Priority Member Card Security Questions Security Answer Check box, whether customer want to receive newsletter via email The system shall send activation link via email to customer to activate the account. Wont Have (For later development) Develop an Android Application system Develop an IOS Application for this system Interview Transcript Interviewer: Name? Stakeholder: James Gallagher Interviewer: Company / Department? Stakeholder: Foyle Theatre Interviewer: Title / Role? Stakeholder: Manager Interviewer: Primary responsibility? Stakeholder: To ensure that every night the theatre runs as smoothly as possible Interviewer: What tasks are you responsible for completing? Stakeholder: I would have to plan any events for the coming future, I would ensure staff are trained to the highest level. I also discuss different matters with other theatre managers to ensure I can keep the theatre as up to date as possible. Interviewer: To whom are you responsible for performing these tasks? Stakeholder: To both my staff and to the customers Interviewer: What problems do you run into in your day-to-day work? Stakeholder: Typical problems would be, customers sitting in the wrong seats. Customers not having reserved the correct number of tickets before arriving. Customers arriving at the wrong time for the same show. Customers arriving to a different show than what they bought a ticket for. Interviewer: Is there a standard way of solving it, or do you have a workaround? Stakeholder:These problems can be solved but it is normally down to the customer to help us out, for example for anyone sitting in the incorrect seat if they will be asked to move or if not we would ask the people who reserved these seats to sit elsewhere if they dont mind. Interviewer: Why is this a problem? Stakeholder:Its a problem because some people need the seats they have chosen due to disabilities or whatever. Interviewer: How do you solve the problem today? Stakeholder: If anyone is in the incorrect seat they are asked to move to the correct one. Interviewer: How would you ideally like to solve the problem? Stakeholder: For there to be no problem in the first place, everyone sits in the seat they have chosen or the seat assigned to them. Interviewer: Who will be the users of the system? Stakeholder: Our customers Interviewer: What level of education or training do the users have? Stakeholder: Their levels of education will vary Interviewer: What computer skills do the users have? Stakeholder: Any computer skills with customers will also vary from beginner to an experienced user Interviewer: What training needs do you expect for the future system? Stakeholder: All staff members will need training but the levels will vary as some staff maybe more experienced than others. This will be the same for the users Questionnaires This is a sample questionnaire which we have giving to customers about the system and about the Foyle theatre as well.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Customer 1 Customer 2 Customer 3 Wireframes 5.6 UI Mock-up/Paper Prototype